Thursday, January 30, 2020
Serving in Florida Essay Example for Free
Serving in Florida Essay She admires her, educated tongue, her graceful walk, her ability to swoon a listener when she reads, her success, her communication skills where she skillfully varies the way to she talks to depending on who she is talking to. 3. She is ashamed because she fails to use the proper verb and verbiage which in her eyes is disrespectful. When they talk with each other it is if they were paternal sisters separated only by education. 4. Their first meeting was not only at Mrs. Flowers house but that this meeting was filled with aromas of freshly cooked food (tea cookies), the cold taste of lemonade on the palate and an atmosphere laden and rich in success. ââ¬Å"It was the equivalent of attending church ââ¬Å" and attending church made her feel comfortable and so did Mrs. Flowers. This all influenced her because she learned that the person she liked, ââ¬Å" liked ââ¬Å" also liked her and this impressed her, and that coupled with all of the physical senses she now felt the emotional ones as well. And this would develop her into her mentors ââ¬Å"wayâ⬠of life. Answer to questions 1-4 in the Close Reading and #2 in the Writers Craft. 1. Para. 4 The aftermath of an historical hurricaneâ⬠¦. â⬠the smell of a dead cityâ⬠â⬠¦para. 6 â⬠this new urban landscapeâ⬠. 2. Urban floodplain depicts the initial encounter to what the author sees and of which is just the surface of what to come in the latter part of the essay and segways into the ââ¬Å" Life after Katrina ââ¬Å". 3. In ââ¬Å" Starting Again ââ¬Å" he depicts how the most basic necessities are being established and provided to re-ignite and revive the once normal daily activities by way of the Salvation Army bringing primordial needs to the workers who will then bring back residents which then bring back the businesses and so on. He includes this because he notes that after destruction comes the re-buildingâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ Still, destruction on a biblical scale also offers Noah-like opportunities for restoration after the flood ââ¬Å". 4. I would define it as a person who possesses this ââ¬Å" eco-geekâ⬠title as someone who is ecologically friendly, and an environmentalist who is also a tech-savvy academic in the intellect society of foremost thinkers. Writerââ¬â¢s Craft. #2. ââ¬Å" I get out of my car, half suspecting the sweet, rotting smell of deathâ⬠, ââ¬Å" the main sewage plantâ⬠, ââ¬Å"reeking of mold and rotted cat foodâ⬠â⬠¦. He brings clarity and vividness which brings sympathy and association to the five senses to which the reader can identify with.
Wednesday, January 22, 2020
art of the hula :: essays research papers
gArt of the Hulaf What is one thing that stands out in most peoplesââ¬â¢ minds when they think of Hawaii? Most people would probably say the hula dance. The hula dance descended from, or can be traced to Polynesia and India. The Hula was a form of poetry for the Hawaiians in all of its sacred and ceremonial forms. In hula dancing, the hands are very important: they tell a story. However, more important are the chants. Chanting is an extension of speaking that started as a means of communicating to the gods. The hula can be performed with or without music, but not without the chant. Bamboo sticks, drums, and gourds, are some of the instruments that are played to support the chanting. The chants are very poetic and have many levels of meaning. They believe chanting is a very personal way of expressing feelings and thoughts on a higher level of communication. The topics of the chants may include warfare, death, sex, birth, chiefs, gods, the beauty of the island and water, or even surfing. This exotic culture was hidden from the world until 1778, when Captain James Cook and his men became the first westerners to discover the islands of Hawaii. When they arrived at Kauaââ¬â¢i, the islanders performed the hula dance as a way of greeting the strangers. Later in 1820, Christian missionaries from New England came to the islands, armed with the Bible and narrow-minded thoughts. They were shocked by the ââ¬Å"heathenishâ⬠hula, and tried to abolish the dance. The missionaries eventually convinced the royalty, which had been converted to Christianity, to make the hula dance illegal. It was hard for the Hawaiians to retain their culture because the missionaries banned the Hawaiian language from the schools. However, the Hawaiians treasured their culture and dance, and did not let them die. In 1874, King David Kalakaua came to the throne. He is credited with returning the ancient hula dance to the people. European clad, he was known as the Merrie Monarch. He dined with prominent figures including the ever-corrupt President Grant. He had mastered ancient chants taught to him by his grandmother. During his reign, he brought a lot of European style to the hula dance. He integrated hymn singing and band music into traditional hula dance forms. The ukulele and steel guitar were also introduced. It was also during this period when the ti leaf skirt appeared as a hula dance costume.
Tuesday, January 14, 2020
Liberated and society Essay
Some products portrayed women as the traditional housewife like ââ¬ËShake ââ¬Ënââ¬â¢ vacââ¬â¢ does with their commercial. However the house used was fairly modern for the time as it had huge windows, which for the time were very modern and the furniture was better than the average shown in television programmes of the time, signifying a middle class house. However the woman in the advert is not middle class but she is portrayed as working class. The woman is portrayed as enjoying doing the housework and when the person purchases the product they too can enjoy doing the housework. During the period of the advert women were portrayed as being able to have a job but the majority were still in the house unemployed and cooking and cleaning. However throughout the large part of the twentieth century women were campaigning to be liberated and society did not agree with this at all. The liberation began in the early part of the twentieth century after the First World War between Christmas 1914 and 1918. The big push came in the nineteen sixties and women started to appear more in advertisements like in the Fairy Liquid advert in the mid-sixties. Women being liberated started a huge difference in the amount of advertising containing women. The graph below shows what happened to women in advertising and as you can see the amount of adverts which contain women steadily goes up.à From about the nineteen eighties onwards women were used as sex objects more unlike previously. For example Lucky Strike used a woman as an upperclass role model, something the men wanted to have and something the women wanted to be. However companies like Milk Tray use women in a more sensual and seductive way. For example when the lady walks out of the shower in a dressing gown whilst drying her hair and finds the box of Milk Tray on her dressing table. As opposed to the Oxo advert in the early nineteen eighties which showed the traditional Mother serving her husband and then later on feeding a whole family. Oxoââ¬â¢s adverts on television have always been long term campaigns, which started off with ââ¬ËKatieââ¬â¢ which lasted for eighteen years and then moved onto a family after surveys had been carried out. In the nineties women were used as sex objects to appeal to the male population for the majority of the time unless the product was obviously aimed at women. For example Wonder Bra used a woman to advertise their product however the advertisement may have also captured a small male audience because of the visual aspect of the advert. This is the same for the Round the clock panty hoses, which was unveiled in the late eighties. Many adverts made in the nineteen nineties recognised a niche in marketing when creating their adverts for their campaign, which was aimed at the male population. For example if an advertising campaign were to be aiming at men then they may appeal to their sexual weakness. This is what H(agen-Dazs has done, they have used a good-looking male to appeal to the women and they have used a good-looking female who happens not to be wearing much. The advert also has the hidden meaning of the product being a seductive ice cream. At present day there are many adverts on television usually aged between twenty to on average about thirty-five and also some adverts. Like the direct line car insurance advert for example, which used an over 40, middle class woman because it was the same age range as the advert was targeting. The majority of the adverts which use women without much on are normally found in magazines, which helps the producers to target their audience more effectively, also they have a fair idea of which age range may see them if in magazines instead of on the television. However this is not always the case because some companies may use channels on Sky or Digital which people have to pay for to watch, which again allows the advertisers much more accuracy in who they are targeting. Throughout the last century women in advertising has changed dramatically as well as the way in which advertising occurs through our daily routines. This is a change, which most probably will not stop. Women started off in the beginning of the century as being icons in which men aspired to have and who women aspired to be. Women then changed along with societies opinions and as wars were fought not just abroad but equality for women as well. This liberation led to women appearing more frequently in advertising and appearing more in the work place than they may have done twenty years before. I feel that women in advertising is a good thing because society is equal and therefore women are just as likely to purchase goods as much as men.
Monday, January 6, 2020
Analysis Of The Article Super Disasters Of The 21st...
You may know some information about text structure, but how can you compare and contrast the structures of a non-fiction excerpt and article. Well first you would need to find all the text structures that are being used in the text or writing piece. Few examples are statistics, main ideas and details, cause and effects,etc. In the article of ââ¬Ë Super Disasters of the 21st century , by Jacqueline Adams and Ken Kostel and the excerpt of,ââ¬Ë The Perfect Stormââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢, by Sebastian Junger, the authorââ¬â¢s use text structures to describe the cause and effect of the disasters, by using the source of the types of text structures. So our question now is, what are some of those text structures that can help us find the difference and similarities of both the excerpt and the article? In the scientific article,ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢Super Disasters of the 21st Century,ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ by Jacqueline Adams and Ken Kostel, used text structure to visualize and organize their text about the natural disasters, causes and effects. They achieved this by using the strategy subheadings, and one example is, in paragraph 10 titles,ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢Sinking City.ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ This foreshadows what event will happen next about the disaster of hurricane Katrina and focuses on the causes and effects of thedsaster. Authors may use subheadings also for organizing their text and to present information in the article. Next what the authors used in the scientific article,ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢Super Disaster of the 21st century,ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ is figurative language, and to prove that it states
Sunday, December 29, 2019
Mother Daughter Relationships - The Mother-daughter...
Daughters and Mothers in The Joy Luck Club nbsp; Children, as they become adults, become more appreciative of their parents. In The Joy Luck Club, the attitudes of four daughters toward their mothers change as the girls mature and come to realize that their mothers arent so different after all. nbsp; As children, the daughters in this book are ashamed of their mothers and dont take them very seriously, dismissing them as quirky and odd. I could never tell my father . . . How could I tell him my mother was crazy? (p. 117). They dont try to comprehend their culture, which is a big part of understanding their traditional Chinese mothers. On page 6, one of the daughters states, I can never remember things I dont understandâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦. . How can I leave the world without leaving her my spirit? So this is what I will do. I will gather together my past and . . . see a thing that has already happened. The pain that cut my spirit loose. I will hold that pain in my hand until it becomes hard and shiny, more clear. And then my fierceness can come back . . . I will use this sharp pain to penetrate my daughters tough skin and cut her tiger spirit loose. She will fight me, because this is the nature of two tigers. But I will win and give her my spirit because this is why a mother loves a daughter. (p. 286) nbsp; Things dont exactly turn out the way the mothers hope, though. Their hopes and dreams are shattered when they realize their daughters misconceptions of them. On page 282, a mother laments, When my daughter looks at me, she sees a small, old lady. If she had chuming [inside knowledge of things] she would see a tiger lady. One daughter sees the fear of the remaining mothers after she tells them that she doesnt know anything about her dead mother that she can pass on: nbsp; They are frightened. In me, they see their own daughters, just as ignorant, just as unmindful of all the truths and hopes they have brought to America. They see daughters who grow impatient when their mothers talk in Chinese, who think they are stupid when they explain things in fractured English . . . They see daughters who will bear grandchildren born withoutShow MoreRelated Improving Mother/Daughter Relationships in Amy Tanââ¬â¢s Joy Luck Club1216 Words à |à 5 PagesImproving Mother/Daughter Relationships in Amy Tanââ¬â¢s Joy Luck Club One day everything is going great, in fact things could not be better and then you say something and your friend turns to you and says ââ¬Å"oh my god, you sounded just like your motherâ⬠.à That is when you freak out and think to yourself it is true I am turning into my mother.à This is every daughters worst nightmare come true.à When a young girl is growing up her mother always says and does things that the girl vows she will neverRead MoreEssay Mother-Daughter Relationships in Amy Tanââ¬â¢s Joy Luck Club1519 Words à |à 7 PagesMother-Daughter Relationships in Amy Tanââ¬â¢s Joy Luck Club à à In the Joy Luck Club, the author Amy Tan, focuses on mother-daughter relationships. She examines the lives of four women who emigrated from China, and the lives of four of their American-born daughters. The mothers: Suyuan Woo, An-Mei Hsu, Lindo Jong, and Ying-Ying St. Clair had all experienced some life-changing horror before coming to America, and this has forever tainted their perspective on how they want their children raised. TheRead More The Complexity of Mother and Daughter Relationships in Amy Tanââ¬â¢s Joy Luck Club1316 Words à |à 6 PagesThe Complexity of Mother and Daughter Relationships in Amy Tanââ¬â¢s Joy Luck Club à à à Since the beginning of time the mother and daughter relationship has been complex.à The book The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan is a great example of the mother and daughter relationship.à In the book Amy Tan writes about four women who migrate to America from China.à All of the women were in search of a better life since the lives they had in China were not what they wanted for themselves.à Even though all of the womenRead More Power of the Mother and Daughter Relationship Amy Tanââ¬â¢s Joy Luck Club1482 Words à |à 6 Pagesof the Mother and Daughter Relationship Amy Tanââ¬â¢s Joy Luck Club In the novel, The Joy Luck Club, the author, Amy Tan, intricately weaves together the roles and experiences of Chinese mothers with their American born daughters. During a time of war, the mothers flee from China to America, leaving behind a past filled with secrets that unravel as their daughters mature. While sharing their difficulties, these mothers must be able to teach Chinese beliefs and customs to their daughters in a wayRead More The Significance of Mother-Daughter Relationships in Amy Tanââ¬â¢s The Joy Luck Club1701 Words à |à 7 PagesThe Significance of Mother-Daughter Relationships in Amy Tanââ¬â¢s The Joy Luck Club In her novel The Joy Luck Club, Amy Tan tells of the lives of four Chinese immigrant mothers, their hopes, their dreams and the way each of their daughters feel about their mothers lives.à Mother-daughter relationships are the basis for the entire story.à Tan shows the hardships each mother experiences as a child and young adult, and how they all want better lives for their daughters.à She shows the struggles betweenRead More Mother Daughter Relationships - Daughter Pushed to the Brink in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club1181 Words à |à 5 PagesA Daughter Pushed to the Brink in Joy Luck Club à à à In Amy Tans novel, Joy Luck Club, the mother of Jing-mei recognizes only two kinds of daughters: those that are obedient and those that follow their own mind. Perhaps the reader of this novel may recognize only two types of mothers: pushy mothers and patient mothers.à The two songs, Pleading Child and Perfectly Contented, which the daughter plays, reinforce the underlying tension in the novel. These songs represent the feelings thatRead More The Mother Daughter Relationship in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club448 Words à |à 2 PagesThe Joy Luck Club is a representation of the persistent tensions and powerful bonds between mother and daughter in a Chinese American society.à The book illustrates the hardships both the mother and daughters go through in order to please the other.à Also, it shows the troubles the daughters face when growing up in two cultures.à This book reveals that most of the time mothers really do know best. In Rules of the Game we see a mother daughter conflict.à Waverlys mother is always showing herRead MoreThe Mother and Daughter Relationships in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club1806 Words à |à 8 PagesMother and Daughter Struggle in The Joy Luck Club à à à The Joy Luck Club, by Amy Tan, illustrates what life is like for many foreigners in America who are trying to give their child the opportunities they most likely did not have themselves as children.à The story touches on a very common struggle in America, that between mother and daughter, in which the daughter never feels good enough for her mother.à Also present is the struggle Jing-Mei has with herself. à à à à à à à à à à à Jing-Meis motherRead More Mother Daughter Relationships - Family Relations in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club2528 Words à |à 11 PagesFamily Relations in The Joy Luck Club à à à à One passage, from the novel The Joy Luck Club, written by Amy Tan, reveals the complex relations and emotions that are involved in families. This passage concerns the story of four Chinese women and their daughters.à The author leads the reader through the experiences of the mothers as they left China and came to America.à The daughters have been raised in America, as Americans.à This is what the mothers had wanted although it also causes them greatRead More East-West Values and the Mother-daughter Relationship in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club1296 Words à |à 6 Pagesand the Mother-daughter Relationship in The Joy Luck Club à à à à The dominant theme of The Joy Luck Club is the clash between Chinese, American cultures, and how it affects the relationship between mothers and daughters. All of the mothers in the book were born and raised in China. All of their daughters were born and raised in the United States. Because of the differences in family traditions and values between the way the mothers had been raised in China and the way their daughters were growing
Friday, December 20, 2019
Family Psychology ( Therapy ) Essay - 1016 Words
Family Psychology (Therapy) Michael Daniel Weigant School of Professional Counseling Lindsey Wilson College Author Note 716 Kingdom Come Drive. Cumberland Ky. 40823 Mikeweigant@yahoo.com Abstract This research paper is going to look at a career in family therapy. It is going to discuss some of the things a psychologist does with their patients. The type of pay they receive. The paper is also going to discuss a few different options people have with education. Finally, it will look at how the future looks in the field of family therapy. Family Therapy Growing up, my younger sister was diagnoised with Bi Polar Disease. I believe she had other issues as well but that was her main one. It was a tough time for her and for the rest of my family. She could make a scene for the smallest reason and everyone would stare. A few people actually came up to my parents or whoever we were with at the time and asked why donââ¬â¢t you do something with her. At that point, we usually had to get up and leave the place we were at with people staring. My sister isnââ¬â¢t the only case my family has had with mental issues. I had an aunt growing up with Pschitzophrina and Multiple Personality Disorder. My oldest nephew has ADHD. Three of my younger nieces have Bi Polar and I also have a young nephew who has the same disease. My mother also babysat for a long time and she had a lot of children who had mental issues. I learned through these kinds of situations howShow MoreRelatedPsychology and Family Therapy1301 Words à |à 6 Pagessame way as any other behavior | Causes:learnedTreatments: therapy | Cognitivesuggests that faulty thinking or distorted perceptions can contribute to some types of psychological disorders | Causes:disorderTreatments:counseling | Humanisticability to fulfill their potential, abnormal behavior results from person s potential and self-concept | Causes:How they are bornTreatments:Drug treatment | Part 2. Chapter 13 - What type of therapy? Identify the type of psychotherapy represented by eachRead MoreEssay on Biopsychosocial Case Study1098 Words à |à 5 Pagesimportant part of clinical psychology. One can learn about the biological, psychological, and social factors involved by studying patients with certain disorders or illnesses. The case study of Christina Ricci and Karen Carpenter are extraordinary and this analysis will give a brief overview of their case as well as discuss the biological, psychological, and social factors involved. This analysis will also explain the need for adaptation in the field of clinical psychology. Overview of ChristinaRead MoreClinical Psychology Should Not Be Taken Lightly1382 Words à |à 6 PagesClinical psychology is one of the most beneficial branches in psychology. It is a specialty that provides behavioural and mental healthcare for individuals and families worldwide (Hunsley and Lee, 2014). Across all cultures, ages, and socioeconomic backgrounds, clinical psychology provides proper assessment and treatment plans for mental illnesses (Dozois, 2012). However, there are many individuals that underestimate the reliability and value that clinical psychology offers to our society. ClinicalRead MoreInternet Counseling And Clinical Psychology1646 Words à |à 7 PagesInternet Counseling in Clinical Psychology: A Brief Review Although psychology has only existed as an institution for just over a hundred years, and clinical psychology for even less than that, it has still developed some harsh stagnations and tendencies to deny progress. That being said, many psychologists push hard to integrate new techniques, theories, practices, and technology into their work. The advent of technology is incredibly important in this regard because it creates an environmentRead MoreObject Relations Theory : A Theory Of Relationships1310 Words à |à 6 PagesObject Relations Two Major Assumptions: Object relations theory is a theory of relationships between people particularly within a family believing that humans have a need to connect with others. More so, expressing a belief that we are driven to form relationships with others and that failure to do so successfully leads to later problems. This theory has deepened our understanding of humans and their relationships, as well as transformed social policies for example children are placed in foster homesRead MoreProgram Theory And Logic Models909 Words à |à 4 Pages02 October 6th, 2015 Section 1 1. In general the purpose of the Functional Family Therapy Program is a short-term family-based prevention and intervention treatment applied across various context for treatment of at-risk and juvenile adolescents to address delinquent and behavior problems in hopes to modify community relations. The specific activities offered by the program are develop systemic and individualized family-based orientation to address behavioral problems of at-risk and juvenile delinquentRead MorePositive Body Image Group Essay1234 Words à |à 5 Pagesstrategies to utilize when working with female BID populations. It is important when developing a treatment module for BID that clinicians turn to prior research to guide them in the development of their therapy program. Literature Review It is evident throughout the literature that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in a group setting for BID appears to be the most effective and empirically supported treatment (Farrell, Shafran Lee, 2006). CBT encompasses various techniques, including cognitive restructuringRead MoreEssay about What Is Abnormal Psychology? What Is Normal Psychology?1141 Words à |à 5 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;What is Psychology? In my research of Psychology and its meaning I have come up with many definitions. To sum all of the definitions into one itââ¬â¢s the study ones feelings, thoughts, and their way of thinking and using all of there senses rather its cognitive, physical, or mental. Some other questions that came to mind during my research are what is normal psychology and what is abnormal psychology? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;What is normal psychology? Most people consider oneRead MoreA Study Conducted By Anthony Venning And Associates1097 Words à |à 5 Pagesbetween the years 2009 and 2012 (Aihw.gov.au, 2015). Comorbidity of conditions in this age group are very common as are high rates of disability associated with people suffering from mental illness including, work and educational failure and reduced family participation (McLennan, 1997). Since a quarter of young Australians have reported they are unhappy with their life as a whole, it is important to begin looking at the ways in which mental health professionals may assist people in this age bracketRead MoreOverview Of Professional Experience And Plans Essay1584 Words à |à 7 PagesProfessional Experience and Plans I first became interested in psychology while enrolled in a grade eleven introductory course. Learning the basics about human behaviour and mental processes fascinated me, and from there I began to explore the ways in which psychology could become a lifelong career. Fast-forward seven years and I have witnessed this passion flourish through the completion of my Bachelor of Arts Honours degree in Psychology and my Developmental Services Worker Diploma. In addition to
Thursday, December 12, 2019
Raphaels Portrait Leo X with Cardinals Guilio de Medici free essay sample
In Nelson Minnichs religious interpretation of Raphaels famous portrait of Pope Leo X, Minnich first begins with the very basics of the portrait; what is contained within its canvas and why it is there. From small clues such as these, he is able to lay the foundation for which theories and conclusions can be based. He first points out the location of the figures in the painting. Minnich believes that they are in a large room, seated before a green cloth on the wall, or cloth of honor. There is some speculation, however, as to exactly where this room is located. Several theorists, as well as he, believe that the location is a room in the Vatican, perhaps the library. He points out that there is reflection of a window in several objects in the portrait, allowing more narrowing down the location even further and debunking the library idea. We will write a custom essay sample on Raphaels Portrait Leo X with Cardinals Guilio de Medici or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With the location not quite known, Minnich moves on to the color scheme. He points out that the painting is known for its use of red on the robes of the pope and cardinals, the furniture, and the table coverings. Red was considered a papal color, so this is not unusual in a papal portrait. What is unusual however, is the other two men accompanying the pope in the portrait who were painted in later. Minnich identifies these cardinals as Luigi deRossi, Leos first cousin, and Guilio deMedici, another of Leos cousins. Leo was extremely close with Luigi and this is shown by Luigis hands on Leos chair. Guilio was considered Leos right hand man, and is depicted as so in the portrait by being almost a part of Leos right arm. Minnich also points out that it is ironic that Guilio is depicted as a cardinal because his clerical status wasnt determined at the time. From here we move on to another important item in the portrait, the bell. This specific bell was made for Leo after his election and is a hand bell used for praying. Minnich explains that its presence is most likely to represent Christ in the portrait. Next to the bell is a magnifying glass which Minnich says is merely there to represent the popes nearsightedness. Leo would have needed the glass to read the next item on the table, his bible. The bible is obviously not an unlikely item, being that it is a portrait of a pope, but it is where the bible is opened to that is of importance; St. Johns Gospel. Minnich tells us that Leos first baptismal name was Giovanni, a name that came from this gospel. After inspecting the painting for obvious clues and symbols, Minnich is ready to discuss the possible reasons for the paintings existence. The first being the obvious, that it is merely a papal state portrait. He points out several reasons that this could be a wrong assumption. The painting was kept in Florence and not in Rome, like most papal portraits. It was much smaller than an average state portrait. And the most obvious objection was that there were three people present in the painting, which is highly unusual for a portrait. Minnich then suggests the possibility that Raphael was merely painting a family portrait. But then he quickly points out that no other of Leos relatives was involved. He also points out that the items involved, a bell, the bible, are not usually in state portraits. With the state portrait theory clearly discredited, Minnich tells readers of the theory that the painting is simply an occasional piece, saying that it was painted just to be displayed at the wedding of the Medici and Valois houses in lieu of the pope and his two relatives not being able to make the festivities. Minnich states that the clothing in the portrait clearly leads one to believe that the painting was done months before the wedding. The pope and his relatives would have to have known far in advance that they could not make the occasion and Luigi deRossi was actually recognized as being present the day of the wedding. He says that occasional pieces are not usually so planned out, but does however, mention that a lot would be explained had Raphael begun painting a portrait and then suddenly attempted to switch it into a wedding gift and add the two cardinals. Not fully committed to a purpose, Minnich takes a quick look at the eligious meaning behind the portrait. He mentions that Josephine Jungie has the most persuasive theory on the painting. She believes that the bible represents the stage of the Holy spirit, the bell represents the new age, and that Leo looking to the left represents his looking to the arrival of the new age, and thinking about his own appointment as an Angelican Pastor who will lead the Church in the final age. Minnich points out that this is persuasive because Leo was attempting to take on the roles that an Angelican leader would, yet points out the Jungie failed to find reason for the two cardinals in the portrait. He closes with admitting to readers that no one will ever really know Raphaels true intentions behind this famous painting. All we have is historical facts, symbols, ideas, and of course opinions to make up the reason for Pope Leo Xs portrait with Cardinals Luigi deRossi and Guilio deMedici.
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